Summary
Further key aspects of the report indicate that:
Chapter 1: Research Scope: Product Definition, Type, End-Use & Methodology
Chapter 2: Global Industry Summary
Chapter 3: Market Dynamics
Chapter 4: Global Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 5: North America Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 6: Europe Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 7: Asia-Pacific Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 8: South America Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 9: Middle East and Africa Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use.
Chapter 10: Market Competition by Companies
Chapter 11: Market forecast and environment forecast.
Chapter 12: Industry Summary
.
The global Specialty Food Ingredients market has the potential to grow with xx million USD with growing CAGR in the forecast period from 2021f to 2026f. Factors driving the market for Specialty Food Ingredients are the significant development of demand and improvement of COVID-19 and geo-economics.
Based on the type of product, the global Specialty Food Ingredients market segmented into
Fruits and Vegetables
Emulsifiers
Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
Leavening Agents
Anti-Caking Agents
Enzyme Preparations
Humectants
Yeast Nutrients
Nutraceutical Ingredients
Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
Based on the end-use, the global Specialty Food Ingredients market classified into
Fruits and Vegetables
Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
Vegetable and Animal Oils
Bakery and Confectionary
Dairy
Meat and Marine
Grains and Pulses
Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
Based on geography, the global Specialty Food Ingredients market segmented into
North America [U.S., Canada, Mexico]
Europe [Germany, UK, France, Italy, Rest of Europe]
Asia-Pacific [China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific]
South America [Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America]
Middle East & Africa [GCC, North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa]
And the major players included in the report are
Ingredion
Cargill Inc.
Dupont
Tate and Lyle
Kerry Group
Royal DSM
Sensient Technologies
Givaudan
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
BASF group
General Mills
Lonza Group
Herbal Life
Pepsico
ABS Food Ingredients
Table of Contents
1 RESEARCH SCOPE
1.1 Research Product Definition
1.2 Research Segmentation
1.2.1 Product Type
1.2.2 Main product Type of Major Players
1.3 Demand Overview
1.4 Research Methodology
2 GLOBAL SPECIALTY FOOD INGREDIENTS INDUSTRY
2.1 Summary about Specialty Food Ingredients Industry
2.2 Specialty Food Ingredients Market Trends
2.2.1 Specialty Food Ingredients Production & Consumption Trends
2.2.2 Specialty Food Ingredients Demand Structure Trends
2.3 Specialty Food Ingredients Cost & Price
3 MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1 Manufacturing & Purchasing Behavior in 2020
3.2 Market Development under the Impact of COVID-19
3.2.1 Drivers
3.2.2 Restraints
3.2.3 Opportunity
3.2.4 Risk
4 GLOBAL MARKET SEGMENTATION
4.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.1.1 North America (U.S., Canada and Mexico)
4.1.2 Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Rest of Europe)
4.1.3 Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific)
4.1.4 South America (Brazil,, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)
4.1.5 Middle East and Africa (GCC, North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa)
4.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.2.1 Preservatives
4.2.2 Emulsifiers
4.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
4.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
4.2.5 Leavening Agents
4.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
4.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
4.2.8 Humectants
4.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
4.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
4.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
4.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
4.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
4.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
4.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
4.3.5 Dairy
4.3.6 Meat and Marine
4.3.7 Grains and Pulses
4.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET SEGMENT
5.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.1.1 U.S.
5.1.2 Canada
5.1.3 Mexico
5.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.2.1 Preservatives
5.2.2 Emulsifiers
5.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
5.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
5.2.5 Leavening Agents
5.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
5.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
5.2.8 Humectants
5.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
5.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
5.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
5.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
5.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
5.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
5.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
5.3.5 Dairy
5.3.6 Meat and Marine
5.3.7 Grains and Pulses
5.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
5.4 Impact of COVID-19 in North America
6 EUROPE MARKET SEGMENTATION
6.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.1.1 Germany
6.1.2 UK
6.1.3 France
6.1.4 Italy
6.1.5 Rest of Europe
6.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.2.1 Preservatives
6.2.2 Emulsifiers
6.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
6.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
6.2.5 Leavening Agents
6.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
6.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
6.2.8 Humectants
6.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
6.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
6.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
6.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
6.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
6.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
6.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
6.3.5 Dairy
6.3.6 Meat and Marine
6.3.7 Grains and Pulses
6.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
6.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
7 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET SEGMENTATION
7.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.1.1 China
7.1.2 India
7.1.3 Japan
7.1.4 South Korea
7.1.5 Southeast Asia
7.1.6 Australia
7.1.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
7.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.2.1 Preservatives
7.2.2 Emulsifiers
7.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
7.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
7.2.5 Leavening Agents
7.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
7.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
7.2.8 Humectants
7.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
7.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
7.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
7.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
7.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
7.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
7.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
7.3.5 Dairy
7.3.6 Meat and Marine
7.3.7 Grains and Pulses
7.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
7.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
8 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET SEGMENTATION
8.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.1.1 Brazil
8.1.2 Argentina
8.1.3 Rest of Latin America
8.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.2.1 Preservatives
8.2.2 Emulsifiers
8.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
8.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
8.2.5 Leavening Agents
8.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
8.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
8.2.8 Humectants
8.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
8.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
8.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
8.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
8.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
8.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
8.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
8.3.5 Dairy
8.3.6 Meat and Marine
8.3.7 Grains and Pulses
8.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
8.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET SEGMENTATION
9.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.1.1 GCC
9.1.2 North Africa
9.1.3 South Africa
9.1.4 Rest of Middle East and Africa
9.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.2.1 Preservatives
9.2.2 Emulsifiers
9.2.3 Fat Replacers and Stabilizers
9.2.4 Ph Control Agents and Acidulants
9.2.5 Leavening Agents
9.2.6 Anti-Caking Agents
9.2.7 Enzyme Preparations
9.2.8 Humectants
9.2.9 Yeast Nutrients
9.2.10 Nutraceutical Ingredients
9.2.11 Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches)
9.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.3.1 Fruits and Vegetables
9.3.2 Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages
9.3.3 Vegetable and Animal Oils
9.3.4 Bakery and Confectionary
9.3.5 Dairy
9.3.6 Meat and Marine
9.3.7 Grains and Pulses
9.3.8 Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods)
9.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
10 COMPETITION OF MAJOR PLAYERS
10.1 Brief Introduction of Major Players
10.1.1 Ingredion
10.1.2 Cargill Inc.
10.1.3 Dupont
10.1.4 Tate and Lyle
10.1.5 Kerry Group
10.1.6 Royal DSM
10.1.7 Sensient Technologies
10.1.8 Givaudan
10.1.9 Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
10.1.10 BASF group
10.1.11 General Mills
10.1.12 Lonza Group
10.1.13 Herbal Life
10.1.14 Pepsico
10.1.15 ABS Food Ingredients
10.2 Specialty Food Ingredients Sales Date of Major Players (2017-2020e)
10.2.1 Ingredion
10.2.2 Cargill Inc.
10.2.3 Dupont
10.2.4 Tate and Lyle
10.2.5 Kerry Group
10.2.6 Royal DSM
10.2.7 Sensient Technologies
10.2.8 Givaudan
10.2.9 Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
10.2.10 BASF group
10.2.11 General Mills
10.2.12 Lonza Group
10.2.13 Herbal Life
10.2.14 Pepsico
10.2.15 ABS Food Ingredients
10.3 Market Distribution of Major Players
10.4 Global Competition Segmentation
11 MARKET FORECAST
11.1 Forecast by Region
11.2 Forecast by Demand
11.3 Environment Forecast
11.3.1 Impact of COVID-19
11.3.2 Geopolitics Overview
11.3.3 Economic Overview of Major Countries
12 REPORT SUMMARY STATEMENT
List of Table
1.Table Specialty Food Ingredients Product Type Overview
2.Table Specialty Food Ingredients Product Type Market Share List
3.Table Specialty Food Ingredients Product Type of Major Players
4.Table Brief Introduction of Ingredion
5.Table Brief Introduction of Cargill Inc.
6.Table Brief Introduction of Dupont
7.Table Brief Introduction of Tate and Lyle
8.Table Brief Introduction of Kerry Group
9.Table Brief Introduction of Royal DSM
10.Table Brief Introduction of Sensient Technologies
11.Table Brief Introduction of Givaudan
12.Table Brief Introduction of Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
13.Table Brief Introduction of BASF group
14.Table Brief Introduction of General Mills
15.Table Brief Introduction of Lonza Group
16.Table Brief Introduction of Herbal Life
17.Table Brief Introduction of Pepsico
18.Table Brief Introduction of ABS Food Ingredients
19.Table Products & Services of Ingredion
20.Table Products & Services of Cargill Inc.
21.Table Products & Services of Dupont
22.Table Products & Services of Tate and Lyle
23.Table Products & Services of Kerry Group
24.Table Products & Services of Royal DSM
25.Table Products & Services of Sensient Technologies
26.Table Products & Services of Givaudan
27.Table Products & Services of Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
28.Table Products & Services of BASF group
29.Table Products & Services of General Mills
30.Table Products & Services of Lonza Group
31.Table Products & Services of Herbal Life
32.Table Products & Services of Pepsico
33.Table Products & Services of ABS Food Ingredients
34.Table Market Distribution of Major Players
35.Table Global Major Players Sales Revenue (Million USD) 2017-2020e
36.Table Global Major Players Sales Revenue (Million USD) Share 2017-2020e
37.Table Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market Forecast (Million USD) by Region 2021f-2026f
38.Table Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market Forecast (Million USD) Share by Region 2021f-2026f
39.Table Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market Forecast (Million USD) by Demand 2021f-2026f
40.Table Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market Forecast (Million USD) Share by Demand 2021f-2026f
List of Figure
1.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market Size under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
2.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
3.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market by Product Type under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
4.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Market by Demand under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
5.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Production by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Consumption by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
7.Figure Global Specialty Food Ingredients Consumption by Type under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
8.Figure North America Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
9.Figure Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
10.Figure Asia-Pacific Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
11.Figure South America Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
12.Figure Middle East and Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
13.Figure Preservatives Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
14.Figure Emulsifiers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
15.Figure Fat Replacers and Stabilizers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
16.Figure Ph Control Agents and Acidulants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
17.Figure Leavening Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
18.Figure Anti-Caking Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
19.Figure Enzyme Preparations Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
20.Figure Humectants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
21.Figure Yeast Nutrients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
22.Figure Nutraceutical Ingredients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
23.Figure Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches) Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
24.Figure Fruits and Vegetables Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
25.Figure Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
26.Figure Vegetable and Animal Oils Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
27.Figure Bakery and Confectionary Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
28.Figure Dairy Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
29.Figure Meat and Marine Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
30.Figure Grains and Pulses Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
31.Figure Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods) Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
32.Figure U.S. Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
33.Figure Canada Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
34.Figure Mexico Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
35.Figure Preservatives Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
36.Figure Emulsifiers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
37.Figure Fat Replacers and Stabilizers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
38.Figure Ph Control Agents and Acidulants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
39.Figure Leavening Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
40.Figure Anti-Caking Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
41.Figure Enzyme Preparations Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
42.Figure Humectants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
43.Figure Yeast Nutrients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
44.Figure Nutraceutical Ingredients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
45.Figure Other Ingredients (Hydrocolloids, Specialty Starches) Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
46.Figure Fruits and Vegetables Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
47.Figure Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
48.Figure Vegetable and Animal Oils Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
49.Figure Bakery and Confectionary Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
50.Figure Dairy Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
51.Figure Meat and Marine Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
52.Figure Grains and Pulses Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
53.Figure Others (Wheat, Flour, Tobacco, Starch Products, Pet Foods) Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
54.Figure Germany Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
55.Figure UK Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
56.Figure France Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
57.Figure Italy Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
58.Figure Rest of Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
59.Figure Preservatives Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
60.Figure Emulsifiers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
61.Figure Fat Replacers and Stabilizers Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
62.Figure Ph Control Agents and Acidulants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
63.Figure Leavening Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
64.Figure Anti-Caking Agents Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
65.Figure Enzyme Preparations Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
66.Figure Humectants Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
67.Figure Yeast Nutrients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
68.Figure Nutraceutical Ingredients Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-
Price : US$ 3500 |
Date : Nov 2024 |
Category : Services |
Pages : 100 |
Price : US$ 3500 |
Date : Nov 2024 |
Category : Services |
Pages : 162 |