Sales Support:
sales@worldwidemarketreports.com
U.S. :+1 415 871 0703
U.K. :+44-203-289-4040
AUS. : +61-2-4786-0457
INDIA :+91-848-285-0837
Menu Icon Close Icon

2023-2028 Global and Regional Solder Material Industry Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version

  • Report Code : 995747
  • Industry : Chemicals and Materials
  • Published On : Sep 2023
  • Pages : 142
  • Publisher : HNY Research
  • Format: WMR PPT FormatWMR PDF Format

Impact Analysis of Covid-19

The complete version of the Report will include the impact of the COVID-19, and anticipated change on the future outlook of the industry, by taking into the account the political, economic, social, and technological parameters.

The global Solder Material market is expected to reach US$ XX Million by 2028, with a CAGR of XX% from 2023 to 2028, based on HNY Research newly published report.
The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

By Market Verdors:
Qualitek International
Kester
Lucas Milhaupt
Fusion
Senju Metal Industry
Koki Company
Indium
The Dow Chemical
Tamura
Stannol GmbH & Co. KG
Nihon Genma
AIM
Yashida
KAWADA
Inventec
DS HiMetal

By Types:
Wire
Paste
Bar
Flux

By Applications:
Car
Machinery And Equipment
Ship
Building
Other

Key Indicators Analysed
Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2017-2028 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.
Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2017-2028. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.
Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.
Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology
Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

Chapter 1 Industry Overview
1.1 Definition
1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Research Scope
1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.5 Global Solder Material Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.5.1 Global Solder Material Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Consumption Volume
1.5.2 Global Solder Material Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Value
1.5.3 Global Solder Material Price Trends Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Solder Material Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Global Solder Material Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
2.1 Global Solder Material (Volume and Value) by Type
2.1.1 Global Solder Material Consumption and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.1.2 Global Solder Material Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Solder Material (Volume and Value) by Application
2.2.1 Global Solder Material Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.2.2 Global Solder Material Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Solder Material (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global Solder Material Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global Solder Material Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis
3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
3.1.1 2017-2022 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
3.1.2 2017-2022 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
3.2.1 2017-2022 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
3.2.2 North America Market
3.2.3 East Asia Market
3.2.4 Europe Market
3.2.5 South Asia Market
3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
3.2.7 Middle East Market
3.2.8 Africa Market
3.2.9 Oceania Market
3.2.10 South America Market
3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Global Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)
4.1 Global Solder Material Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
4.2 North America Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.3 East Asia Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.4 Europe Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.5 South Asia Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.6 Southeast Asia Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.7 Middle East Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.8 Africa Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.9 Oceania Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.10 South America Solder Material Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Chapter 5 North America Solder Material Market Analysis
5.1 North America Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
5.1.1 North America Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
5.2 North America Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
5.3 North America Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
5.4 North America Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
5.4.1 United States Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.2 Canada Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.3 Mexico Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 6 East Asia Solder Material Market Analysis
6.1 East Asia Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
6.1.1 East Asia Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
6.2 East Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
6.3 East Asia Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
6.4 East Asia Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
6.4.1 China Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.2 Japan Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.3 South Korea Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 7 Europe Solder Material Market Analysis
7.1 Europe Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
7.1.1 Europe Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
7.2 Europe Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
7.3 Europe Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
7.4 Europe Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
7.4.1 Germany Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.2 UK Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.3 France Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.4 Italy Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.5 Russia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.6 Spain Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.7 Netherlands Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.8 Switzerland Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.9 Poland Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 8 South Asia Solder Material Market Analysis
8.1 South Asia Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
8.1.1 South Asia Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
8.2 South Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
8.3 South Asia Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
8.4 South Asia Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
8.4.1 India Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.2 Pakistan Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.3 Bangladesh Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Solder Material Market Analysis
9.1 Southeast Asia Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
9.1.1 Southeast Asia Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
9.2 Southeast Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
9.3 Southeast Asia Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
9.4 Southeast Asia Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
9.4.1 Indonesia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.2 Thailand Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.3 Singapore Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.4 Malaysia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.5 Philippines Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.6 Vietnam Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.7 Myanmar Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 10 Middle East Solder Material Market Analysis
10.1 Middle East Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
10.1.1 Middle East Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
10.2 Middle East Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
10.3 Middle East Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
10.4 Middle East Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
10.4.1 Turkey Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.3 Iran Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.5 Israel Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.6 Iraq Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.7 Qatar Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.8 Kuwait Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.9 Oman Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 11 Africa Solder Material Market Analysis
11.1 Africa Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
11.1.1 Africa Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
11.2 Africa Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
11.3 Africa Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
11.4 Africa Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
11.4.1 Nigeria Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.2 South Africa Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.3 Egypt Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.4 Algeria Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.5 Morocco Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 12 Oceania Solder Material Market Analysis
12.1 Oceania Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
12.2 Oceania Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
12.3 Oceania Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
12.4 Oceania Solder Material Consumption by Top Countries
12.4.1 Australia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
12.4.2 New Zealand Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 13 South America Solder Material Market Analysis
13.1 South America Solder Material Consumption and Value Analysis
13.1.1 South America Solder Material Market Under COVID-19
13.2 South America Solder Material Consumption Volume by Types
13.3 South America Solder Material Consumption Structure by Application
13.4 South America Solder Material Consumption Volume by Major Countries
13.4.1 Brazil Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.2 Argentina Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.3 Columbia Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.4 Chile Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.5 Venezuela Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.6 Peru Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.7 Puerto Rico Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.8 Ecuador Solder Material Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Solder Material Business
14.1 Qualitek International
14.1.1 Qualitek International Company Profile
14.1.2 Qualitek International Solder Material Product Specification
14.1.3 Qualitek International Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.2 Kester
14.2.1 Kester Company Profile
14.2.2 Kester Solder Material Product Specification
14.2.3 Kester Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.3 Lucas Milhaupt
14.3.1 Lucas Milhaupt Company Profile
14.3.2 Lucas Milhaupt Solder Material Product Specification
14.3.3 Lucas Milhaupt Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.4 Fusion
14.4.1 Fusion Company Profile
14.4.2 Fusion Solder Material Product Specification
14.4.3 Fusion Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.5 Senju Metal Industry
14.5.1 Senju Metal Industry Company Profile
14.5.2 Senju Metal Industry Solder Material Product Specification
14.5.3 Senju Metal Industry Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.6 Koki Company
14.6.1 Koki Company Company Profile
14.6.2 Koki Company Solder Material Product Specification
14.6.3 Koki Company Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.7 Indium
14.7.1 Indium Company Profile
14.7.2 Indium Solder Material Product Specification
14.7.3 Indium Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.8 The Dow Chemical
14.8.1 The Dow Chemical Company Profile
14.8.2 The Dow Chemical Solder Material Product Specification
14.8.3 The Dow Chemical Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.9 Tamura
14.9.1 Tamura Company Profile
14.9.2 Tamura Solder Material Product Specification
14.9.3 Tamura Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.10 Stannol GmbH & Co. KG
14.10.1 Stannol GmbH & Co. KG Company Profile
14.10.2 Stannol GmbH & Co. KG Solder Material Product Specification
14.10.3 Stannol GmbH & Co. KG Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.11 Nihon Genma
14.11.1 Nihon Genma Company Profile
14.11.2 Nihon Genma Solder Material Product Specification
14.11.3 Nihon Genma Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.12 AIM
14.12.1 AIM Company Profile
14.12.2 AIM Solder Material Product Specification
14.12.3 AIM Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.13 Yashida
14.13.1 Yashida Company Profile
14.13.2 Yashida Solder Material Product Specification
14.13.3 Yashida Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.14 KAWADA
14.14.1 KAWADA Company Profile
14.14.2 KAWADA Solder Material Product Specification
14.14.3 KAWADA Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.15 Inventec
14.15.1 Inventec Company Profile
14.15.2 Inventec Solder Material Product Specification
14.15.3 Inventec Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.16 DS HiMetal
14.16.1 DS HiMetal Company Profile
14.16.2 DS HiMetal Solder Material Product Specification
14.16.3 DS HiMetal Solder Material Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Chapter 15 Global Solder Material Market Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.1 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.2 Global Solder Material Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
15.2.1 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.2 Global Solder Material Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.3 North America Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.4 East Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.5 Europe Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.6 South Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.7 Southeast Asia Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.8 Middle East Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.9 Africa Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.10 Oceania Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.11 South America Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.3 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.1 Global Solder Material Consumption Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.2 Global Solder Material Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.3 Global Solder Material Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.4 Global Solder Material Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
15.5 Solder Material Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology

Choose License Type

Happy To Assist You

Contact Images

We will be happy to help you find what you need. Please call us or write to us:

Frequently Asked Questions

This report incorporates the analysis of factors that augments the market growth. Report presents competitive landscape of the global market. This also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The analysis is based on current market trends and historic growth data. It includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive landscape of the industry.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides industry forecast. The market was valued at xxx Million US$ in 2019, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2027.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides forecast for the industry in terms of Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (thousand ton / metric ton / cubic meter).
Market is segmented by:
  • Product Types
  • Applications
  • Technology
  • End-use Industries
  • Distribution channel
  • Regions
The report share key insights on the following:
  • Current market size
  • Market forecast
  • Market opportunities
  • Key drivers and restraints
  • Regulatory scenario
  • Industry trend
  • Pestle analysis
  • Porter’s analysis
  • New product approvals/launch
  • Promotion and marketing initiatives
  • Pricing analysis
  • Export-import analysis
  • Trade analysis
  • Competitive landscape
It helps the businesses in making investments decisions.
Customization helps the organization to gain insight on specific segments and regions of interest. Thus, WMR offers tailored report information based on business requirement in order to take strategic calls.

Related Reports

Industry Standards Management System Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Forec...
View More
Flight Status Information Flight System Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Fo...
View More
Professional Employer Organization Service Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And...
View More
Material Requirements Planning Software Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Fo...
View More
Professional Catering Solutions For Corporations Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Tren...
View More

Trusted Clients
A-T- Kearney.png
AbbVie.png
Agrinos.png
AIF-Metrics.png
Akzo-Nobel.jpg
Alfi-GMBH.png
Allergan.png
Almasra-Scientific-Bureau.jpg
ALPMA.jpg
Americana-Foods.png
ANP.png
Aptar-Group-Germany.jpg
asahi-kasei.png
ATC.png
atlas-servair.jpg
ATOS.png
Avalon.png
biofishency.png
biomx.png
borealisgroup.png
Cape-Peninsula.png
CBRE.png
Cennerv-Pharma.jpg
Clearponds.png
Compass-Group.png
Cortag-Industria.png
Covis-Pharma.jpg
DAIMLER-AG.jpg
Edipresse-Media.jpg
Epson.png
Evonik-Industries-AG.png
ExcelSource.png
Fingo.png
Firstkind.png
FLM-Foodingredients.png
Freudenberg.png
Fueltrax.jpg
Fugro-International.png
Fuji-Films.png
Funky-Sound-Studio.png
GALTWAY.png
Gartner.png
GBSC.png
Global-Information.jpg
Hanwha-Total-Petrochemical.png
Hebrew.png
Horiba-Mira.png
Hunter-and-Co-Investments.png
Hyosung.png
Hyssopus-Organics.jpg
IBSA.png
Ideagen.png
IMS.png
InSinkErator.png
Intas-Pharma.png
IntelMed-Sarl.png
Interdiligence-Consulting.png
Israel-Shopyards.png
Johnsons-Controls.png
kakaxi.jpg
KORDSA.png
kotra.png
KPMG.png
lantmannen.png
LEK.png
LG.jpg
Makuri-Technology.jpg
Mallinckrodt.png
Mappo.png
Maprimed.jpg
mcns.jpg
MED-EL.png
Mehr-Azin-Pouya-Sahand.png
Molkerei-Ammerland-eG.png
Monty-Holding.jpg
mpmaterials.png
Mundipharma.png
Nasco.png
Nitto.png
Nouryon.png
NOXTAK.png
Oskars.png
Paidotribo.png
Parnell-Pharmaceuticals.png
Podravka.png
ppg.png
Privi.png
Publicis Groupe.png
Qvetech.jpg
R3P.jpg
Samsung.png
Sapient.png
SEW-EURODRIVE.png
Shivananda.jpg
Silver-Clouds.png
SMIT.jpg
SOLVIAS.png
Spectrum.png
SR-Instruments-Oy.png
Star-Seed.png
Stryker -ENT.png
Synjenta.png
Terumo-Corp.png
TherOzone.png
Toshiba.png
TT-Electronics.png
umbc.edu.png
Vard.jpg
Vital-Xense.png
Walraven.png
Wlgore.png
Woodmac.png
WWF-UK.png
ZENOAQ.png
Zuellig-Pharma.png
Contact us

sales@worldwidemarketreports.com

mapicon
Sales Office (U.S.):
Worldwide Market Reports, 533 Airport Boulevard, Suite 400, Burlingame, CA 94010, United States

mapicon+1-415-871-0703

mapicon
Asia Pacific Intelligence Center (India):
Worldwide Market Reports, 403, 4th Floor, Bremen Business Center, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.

phoneiconU.S. : +1 415 871 0703

phoneiconU.K. : +44-203-289-4040

phoneiconAUS. :+61-2-4786-0457

phoneiconIndia :+91-848-285-0837

Menu
Quick Links
Newsletter

Want us to send you latest updates of the current trends, insights, and more, signup to our newsletter (for alerts, special offers, and discounts).


Secure Payment By:
paymenticon

This website is secured Origin CA certificate on the server, Comodo, Firewall and Verified Sitelock Malware Protection

secureimg

© 2024 Worldwide Market Reports. All Rights Reserved