Sales Support:
sales@worldwidemarketreports.com
U.S. :+1 415 871 0703
U.K. :+44-203-289-4040
AUS. : +61-2-4786-0457
INDIA :+91-848-285-0837
Menu Icon Close Icon

2023-2028 Global and Regional Piano Service Industry Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version

  • Report Code : 875396
  • Industry : Services
  • Published On : Mar 2023
  • Pages : 166
  • Publisher : HNY Research
  • Format: WMR PPT FormatWMR PDF Format

The global Piano Service market is expected to reach US$ XX Million by 2028, with a CAGR of XX% from 2023 to 2028, based on HNY Research newly published report.
The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).

By Market Verdors:
AMH
Artisan
LeGrand
Master
Precision
Craw
Everett
Gavin
Brady
Adelaides
Concert Pitch
Alaska
Yankee
THEME & VARIATIONS
Glenn Easley
Global Piano Service
Professional Piano Service
LA Piano Service

By Types:
Tuning
Repair
Restoration

By Applications:
Concert Hall
Stage
Family

Key Indicators Analysed
Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2017-2028 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.
Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2017-2028. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.
Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.
Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology
Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

Chapter 1 Industry Overview
1.1 Definition
1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Research Scope
1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.5 Global Piano Service Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.5.1 Global Piano Service Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Consumption Volume
1.5.2 Global Piano Service Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Value
1.5.3 Global Piano Service Price Trends Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Piano Service Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Global Piano Service Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
2.1 Global Piano Service (Volume and Value) by Type
2.1.1 Global Piano Service Consumption and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.1.2 Global Piano Service Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Piano Service (Volume and Value) by Application
2.2.1 Global Piano Service Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.2.2 Global Piano Service Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Piano Service (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global Piano Service Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global Piano Service Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis
3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
3.1.1 2017-2022 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
3.1.2 2017-2022 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
3.2.1 2017-2022 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
3.2.2 North America Market
3.2.3 East Asia Market
3.2.4 Europe Market
3.2.5 South Asia Market
3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
3.2.7 Middle East Market
3.2.8 Africa Market
3.2.9 Oceania Market
3.2.10 South America Market
3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Global Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)
4.1 Global Piano Service Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
4.2 North America Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.3 East Asia Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.4 Europe Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.5 South Asia Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.6 Southeast Asia Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.7 Middle East Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.8 Africa Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.9 Oceania Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.10 South America Piano Service Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Chapter 5 North America Piano Service Market Analysis
5.1 North America Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
5.1.1 North America Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
5.2 North America Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
5.3 North America Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
5.4 North America Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
5.4.1 United States Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.2 Canada Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.3 Mexico Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 6 East Asia Piano Service Market Analysis
6.1 East Asia Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
6.1.1 East Asia Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
6.2 East Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
6.3 East Asia Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
6.4 East Asia Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
6.4.1 China Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.2 Japan Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.3 South Korea Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 7 Europe Piano Service Market Analysis
7.1 Europe Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
7.1.1 Europe Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
7.2 Europe Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
7.3 Europe Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
7.4 Europe Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
7.4.1 Germany Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.2 UK Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.3 France Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.4 Italy Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.5 Russia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.6 Spain Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.7 Netherlands Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.8 Switzerland Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.9 Poland Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 8 South Asia Piano Service Market Analysis
8.1 South Asia Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
8.1.1 South Asia Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
8.2 South Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
8.3 South Asia Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
8.4 South Asia Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
8.4.1 India Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.2 Pakistan Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.3 Bangladesh Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Piano Service Market Analysis
9.1 Southeast Asia Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
9.1.1 Southeast Asia Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
9.2 Southeast Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
9.3 Southeast Asia Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
9.4 Southeast Asia Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
9.4.1 Indonesia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.2 Thailand Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.3 Singapore Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.4 Malaysia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.5 Philippines Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.6 Vietnam Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.7 Myanmar Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 10 Middle East Piano Service Market Analysis
10.1 Middle East Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
10.1.1 Middle East Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
10.2 Middle East Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
10.3 Middle East Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
10.4 Middle East Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
10.4.1 Turkey Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.3 Iran Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.5 Israel Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.6 Iraq Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.7 Qatar Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.8 Kuwait Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.9 Oman Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 11 Africa Piano Service Market Analysis
11.1 Africa Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
11.1.1 Africa Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
11.2 Africa Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
11.3 Africa Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
11.4 Africa Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
11.4.1 Nigeria Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.2 South Africa Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.3 Egypt Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.4 Algeria Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.5 Morocco Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 12 Oceania Piano Service Market Analysis
12.1 Oceania Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
12.2 Oceania Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
12.3 Oceania Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
12.4 Oceania Piano Service Consumption by Top Countries
12.4.1 Australia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
12.4.2 New Zealand Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 13 South America Piano Service Market Analysis
13.1 South America Piano Service Consumption and Value Analysis
13.1.1 South America Piano Service Market Under COVID-19
13.2 South America Piano Service Consumption Volume by Types
13.3 South America Piano Service Consumption Structure by Application
13.4 South America Piano Service Consumption Volume by Major Countries
13.4.1 Brazil Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.2 Argentina Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.3 Columbia Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.4 Chile Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.5 Venezuela Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.6 Peru Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.7 Puerto Rico Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.8 Ecuador Piano Service Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Piano Service Business
14.1 AMH
14.1.1 AMH Company Profile
14.1.2 AMH Piano Service Product Specification
14.1.3 AMH Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.2 Artisan
14.2.1 Artisan Company Profile
14.2.2 Artisan Piano Service Product Specification
14.2.3 Artisan Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.3 LeGrand
14.3.1 LeGrand Company Profile
14.3.2 LeGrand Piano Service Product Specification
14.3.3 LeGrand Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.4 Master
14.4.1 Master Company Profile
14.4.2 Master Piano Service Product Specification
14.4.3 Master Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.5 Precision
14.5.1 Precision Company Profile
14.5.2 Precision Piano Service Product Specification
14.5.3 Precision Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.6 Craw
14.6.1 Craw Company Profile
14.6.2 Craw Piano Service Product Specification
14.6.3 Craw Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.7 Everett
14.7.1 Everett Company Profile
14.7.2 Everett Piano Service Product Specification
14.7.3 Everett Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.8 Gavin
14.8.1 Gavin Company Profile
14.8.2 Gavin Piano Service Product Specification
14.8.3 Gavin Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.9 Brady
14.9.1 Brady Company Profile
14.9.2 Brady Piano Service Product Specification
14.9.3 Brady Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.10 Adelaides
14.10.1 Adelaides Company Profile
14.10.2 Adelaides Piano Service Product Specification
14.10.3 Adelaides Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.11 Concert Pitch
14.11.1 Concert Pitch Company Profile
14.11.2 Concert Pitch Piano Service Product Specification
14.11.3 Concert Pitch Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.12 Alaska
14.12.1 Alaska Company Profile
14.12.2 Alaska Piano Service Product Specification
14.12.3 Alaska Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.13 Yankee
14.13.1 Yankee Company Profile
14.13.2 Yankee Piano Service Product Specification
14.13.3 Yankee Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.14 THEME & VARIATIONS
14.14.1 THEME & VARIATIONS Company Profile
14.14.2 THEME & VARIATIONS Piano Service Product Specification
14.14.3 THEME & VARIATIONS Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.15 Glenn Easley
14.15.1 Glenn Easley Company Profile
14.15.2 Glenn Easley Piano Service Product Specification
14.15.3 Glenn Easley Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.16 Global Piano Service
14.16.1 Global Piano Service Company Profile
14.16.2 Global Piano Service Piano Service Product Specification
14.16.3 Global Piano Service Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.17 Professional Piano Service
14.17.1 Professional Piano Service Company Profile
14.17.2 Professional Piano Service Piano Service Product Specification
14.17.3 Professional Piano Service Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.18 LA Piano Service
14.18.1 LA Piano Service Company Profile
14.18.2 LA Piano Service Piano Service Product Specification
14.18.3 LA Piano Service Piano Service Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Chapter 15 Global Piano Service Market Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.1 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.2 Global Piano Service Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
15.2.1 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.2 Global Piano Service Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.3 North America Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.4 East Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.5 Europe Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.6 South Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.7 Southeast Asia Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.8 Middle East Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.9 Africa Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.10 Oceania Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.11 South America Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.3 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.1 Global Piano Service Consumption Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.2 Global Piano Service Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.3 Global Piano Service Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.4 Global Piano Service Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
15.5 Piano Service Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology

Choose License Type

Happy To Assist You

Contact Images

We will be happy to help you find what you need. Please call us or write to us:

Frequently Asked Questions

This report incorporates the analysis of factors that augments the market growth. Report presents competitive landscape of the global market. This also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The analysis is based on current market trends and historic growth data. It includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive landscape of the industry.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides industry forecast. The market was valued at xxx Million US$ in 2019, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2027.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides forecast for the industry in terms of Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousands Units).
  • Types
  • Applications
  • Technology
  • End-use Industries
  • Regions
The report share key insights on the following:
  • Current market size
  • Market forecast
  • Market opportunities
  • Key drivers and restraints
  • Regulatory scenario
  • Industry trend
  • Pestle analysis
  • Porter’s analysis
  • New product approvals/launch
  • Promotion and marketing initiatives
  • Pricing analysis
  • Competitive landscape
It helps the businesses in making strategic decisions.
Customization helps the organization to gain insight on specific segments and regions of interest. Thus, WMR offers tailored report information based on business requirement in order to take strategic calls.

Related Reports

Internal Private Cloud Service Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Forecasts (20...
View More
Low-altitude Communication Network Service Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And F...
View More
Full-service Branding Agency Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Forecasts (2024...
View More
Motion Graphics Service Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Forecasts (2024-2031...
View More
District Heating And Cooling Service Market Size And Share Analysis - Growth Trends And Forecas...
View More

Trusted Clients
A-T- Kearney.png
AbbVie.png
Agrinos.png
AIF-Metrics.png
Akzo-Nobel.jpg
Alfi-GMBH.png
Allergan.png
Almasra-Scientific-Bureau.jpg
ALPMA.jpg
Americana-Foods.png
ANP.png
Aptar-Group-Germany.jpg
asahi-kasei.png
ATC.png
atlas-servair.jpg
ATOS.png
Avalon.png
biofishency.png
biomx.png
borealisgroup.png
Cape-Peninsula.png
CBRE.png
Cennerv-Pharma.jpg
Clearponds.png
Compass-Group.png
Cortag-Industria.png
Covis-Pharma.jpg
DAIMLER-AG.jpg
Edipresse-Media.jpg
Epson.png
Evonik-Industries-AG.png
ExcelSource.png
Fingo.png
Firstkind.png
FLM-Foodingredients.png
Freudenberg.png
Fueltrax.jpg
Fugro-International.png
Fuji-Films.png
Funky-Sound-Studio.png
GALTWAY.png
Gartner.png
GBSC.png
Global-Information.jpg
Hanwha-Total-Petrochemical.png
Hebrew.png
Horiba-Mira.png
Hunter-and-Co-Investments.png
Hyosung.png
Hyssopus-Organics.jpg
IBSA.png
Ideagen.png
IMS.png
InSinkErator.png
Intas-Pharma.png
IntelMed-Sarl.png
Interdiligence-Consulting.png
Israel-Shopyards.png
Johnsons-Controls.png
kakaxi.jpg
KORDSA.png
kotra.png
KPMG.png
lantmannen.png
LEK.png
LG.jpg
Makuri-Technology.jpg
Mallinckrodt.png
Mappo.png
Maprimed.jpg
mcns.jpg
MED-EL.png
Mehr-Azin-Pouya-Sahand.png
Molkerei-Ammerland-eG.png
Monty-Holding.jpg
mpmaterials.png
Mundipharma.png
Nasco.png
Nitto.png
Nouryon.png
NOXTAK.png
Oskars.png
Paidotribo.png
Parnell-Pharmaceuticals.png
Podravka.png
ppg.png
Privi.png
Publicis Groupe.png
Qvetech.jpg
R3P.jpg
Samsung.png
Sapient.png
SEW-EURODRIVE.png
Shivananda.jpg
Silver-Clouds.png
SMIT.jpg
SOLVIAS.png
Spectrum.png
SR-Instruments-Oy.png
Star-Seed.png
Stryker -ENT.png
Synjenta.png
Terumo-Corp.png
TherOzone.png
Toshiba.png
TT-Electronics.png
umbc.edu.png
Vard.jpg
Vital-Xense.png
Walraven.png
Wlgore.png
Woodmac.png
WWF-UK.png
ZENOAQ.png
Zuellig-Pharma.png
Contact us

sales@worldwidemarketreports.com

mapicon
Sales Office (U.S.):
Worldwide Market Reports, 533 Airport Boulevard, Suite 400, Burlingame, CA 94010, United States

mapicon+1-415-871-0703

mapicon
Asia Pacific Intelligence Center (India):
Worldwide Market Reports, 403, 4th Floor, Bremen Business Center, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.

phoneiconU.S. : +1 415 871 0703

phoneiconU.K. : +44-203-289-4040

phoneiconAUS. :+61-2-4786-0457

phoneiconIndia :+91-848-285-0837

Menu
Quick Links
Newsletter

Want us to send you latest updates of the current trends, insights, and more, signup to our newsletter (for alerts, special offers, and discounts).


Secure Payment By:
paymenticon

This website is secured Origin CA certificate on the server, Comodo, Firewall and Verified Sitelock Malware Protection

secureimg

© 2024 Worldwide Market Reports. All Rights Reserved