Global Electric Vehicle (EV) Market 2020-2030 by Offering, Propulsion Technology (BEV, HEV, PHEV, FCEV), Power Source, Charging Level (Level 1, Level 2, Fast Charging), Vehicle Type, and Region: Trend Outlook and Growth Opportunity

1 Introduction	9
1.1 Industry Definition and Research Scope	9
1.1.1 Industry Definition	9
1.1.2 Research Scope	10
1.2 Research Methodology	13
1.2.1 Overview of Market Research Methodology	13
1.2.2 Market Assumption	14
1.2.3 Secondary Data	14
1.2.4 Primary Data	14
1.2.5 Data Filtration and Model Design	15
1.2.6 Market Size/Share Estimation	16
1.2.7 Research Limitations	17
1.3 Executive Summary	18
2 Market Overview and Dynamics	20
2.1 Market Size and Forecast	20
2.2 Major Growth Drivers	24
2.3 Market Restraints and Challenges	27
2.4 Emerging Opportunities and Market Trends	30
2.5 Porter's Fiver Forces Analysis	33
3 Segmentation of Global Market by Offering	37
3.1 Market Overview by Offering	37
3.2 Hardware	39
3.3 Software	40
3.4 Service	41
4 Segmentation of Global Market by Propulsion Technology	42
4.1 Market Overview by Propulsion Technology	42
4.2 Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)	45
4.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)	47
4.4 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)	49
4.5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV)	51
5 Segmentation of Global Market by Power Source	53
5.1 Market Overview by Power Source	53
5.2 Onboard Electricity Storage	56
5.3 Onboard Electricity Generation	58
6 Segmentation of Global Market by Charging Level	60
6.1 Market Overview by Charging Level	60
6.2 Level 1 Charging	64
6.3 Level 2 Charging	66
6.4 Fast Charging	68
7 Segmentation of Global Market by Vehicle Type	70
7.1 Market Overview by Vehicle Type	70
7.2 Passenger Cars	73
7.3 Commercial Vehicles	75
7.4 Two-Wheelers	77
7.5 Other Vehicle Types	79
8 Segmentation of Global Market by Region	81
8.1 Geographic Market Overview 2019-2030	81
8.2 North America Market 2019-2030 by Country	86
8.2.1 Overview of North America Market	86
8.2.2 U.S. Market	90
8.2.3 Canadian Market	94
8.3 European Market 2019-2030 by Country	97
8.3.1 Overview of European Market	97
8.3.2 Germany	101
8.3.3 UK	104
8.3.4 France	107
8.3.5 Norway	110
8.3.6 Netherlands	113
8.3.7 Rest of European Market	116
8.4 Asia-Pacific Market 2019-2030 by Country	118
8.4.1 Overview of Asia-Pacific Market	118
8.4.2 Japan	122
8.4.3 China	125
8.4.4 Australia	128
8.4.5 India	131
8.4.6 South Korea	134
8.4.7 Rest of APAC Region	137
8.5 Latin America Market 2019-2030 by Country	139
8.5.1 Argentina	143
8.5.2 Brazil	146
8.5.3 Mexico	149
8.5.4 Rest of Latin America Market	152
8.6 Rest of World Market 2019-2030 by Country	153
8.6.1 UAE	157
8.6.2 Saudi Arabia	160
8.6.3 Egypt	163
8.6.4 Other National Markets	166
9 Competitive Landscape	167
9.1 Overview of Key Vendors	167
9.2 New Product Launch, Partnership, Investment, and M&A	171
9.3 Company Profiles	173
BMW Group	173
BYD Company Ltd.	175
Ford Motor Company	176
Geely-Volvo	177
General Motors Company	178
Honda Motors Co., Ltd.	179
Hyundai-Kia	180
LG Chem Ltd.	181
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation	182
Nissan Motor Corporation Ltd.	183
Panasonic Corporation	184
SAIC	185
Samsung SDI	186
Tesla Inc.	187
Toyota Motor Corporation	188
Volkswagen Group	189
10 Investing in Global Market: Risk Assessment and Management	190
10.1 Risk Evaluation of Global Market	190
10.2 Critical Success Factors (CSFs)	193
Related Reports and Products	196

Table 1.  Snapshot of Global Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030	19
Table 2. Milestones of Electric Vehicle Development, 1996-2019	22
Table 3.  Main Product Trends and Market Opportunities in Global Electric Vehicle Market	30
Table 4. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Offering, 2019-2030, $ bn	37
Table 5. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Component, 2019-2030, $ bn	39
Table 6. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	42
Table 7. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, million units	43
Table 8. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Power Source, 2019-2030, $ bn	53
Table 9. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Power Source, 2019-2030, million units	54
Table 10. Characteristics of Charging Levels as Defined by the SAE and Charging Modes as Defined by the IEC	60
Table 11. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	61
Table 12. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, million units	62
Table 13. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	70
Table 14. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, million units	71
Table 15. Global Commercial Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	75
Table 16. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Region, 2019-2030, $ bn	82
Table 17. Global Electric Vehicle Market by Region, 2019-2030, million units	83
Table 18.  Leading National Electric Vehicle Market, 2019 and 2030, $ bn	85
Table 19. North America Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	88
Table 20. U.S. Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	92
Table 21. U.S. Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	92
Table 22. U.S. Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	92
Table 23. Canada Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	96
Table 24. Canada Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	96
Table 25. Canada Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	96
Table 26. Europe Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	100
Table 27. Germany Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	103
Table 28. Germany Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	103
Table 29. Germany Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	103
Table 30. UK Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	106
Table 31. UK Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	106
Table 32. UK Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	106
Table 33. France Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	109
Table 34. France Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	109
Table 35. France Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	109
Table 36. Norway Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	112
Table 37. Norway Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	112
Table 38. Norway Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	112
Table 39. Netherlands Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	115
Table 40. Netherlands Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	115
Table 41. Netherlands Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	115
Table 42. Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of Europe by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	117
Table 43. APAC Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	120
Table 44. Japan Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	124
Table 45. Japan Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	124
Table 46. Japan Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	124
Table 47. China Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	127
Table 48. China Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	127
Table 49. China Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	127
Table 50. Australia Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	130
Table 51. Australia Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	130
Table 52. Australia Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	130
Table 53. India Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	133
Table 54. India Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	133
Table 55. India Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	133
Table 56. South Korea Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	136
Table 57. South Korea Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	136
Table 58. South Korea Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	136
Table 59. Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of APAC by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	138
Table 60. Latin America Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	142
Table 61. Argentina Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	145
Table 62. Argentina Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	145
Table 63. Argentina Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	145
Table 64. Brazil Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	148
Table 65. Brazil Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	148
Table 66. Brazil Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	148
Table 67. Mexico Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	151
Table 68. Mexico Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	151
Table 69. Mexico Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	151
Table 70. RoW Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019-2030, $ bn	155
Table 71. UAE Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	159
Table 72. UAE Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	159
Table 73. UAE Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	159
Table 74. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	162
Table 75. U.S. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	162
Table 76. Saudi Arabia Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	162
Table 77. Egypt Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, $ bn	165
Table 78. Egypt Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, $ bn	165
Table 79. Egypt Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, $ bn	165
Table 80. Breakdown of Global Market by Automaker, 2019, %	169
Table 81. Breakdown of Global Market by Battery Supplier, 2019, %	169
Table 82. BMW Group: Company Snapshot	173
Table 83. BMW Group: Business Segmentation	173
Table 84. BMW Group: Product Portfolio	174
Table 85. BMW Group: Revenue, 2016-2018, $ bn	174
Table 86. BMW Group: Recent Developments	174
Table 87.  Risk Evaluation for Investing in Global Market, 2019-2030	191
Table 88. Critical Success Factors and Key Takeaways	194

Figure 1.  Research Method Flow Chart	13
Figure 2. Bottom-up Approach and Top-down Approach for Market Estimation	16
Figure 3. Global Market Forecast in Optimistic, Conservative and Balanced Perspectives, 2019-2030	18
Figure 4. Global Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	20
Figure 5. Global Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, million units	21
Figure 6. Average Selling Price of Electric Vehicles, 2019-2030, thousand USD/unit	21
Figure 7. Share of Electric Vehicle Sales in Total Car Sales in Worldwide Market, 2019-2030, %	23
Figure 8. Primary Drivers and Impact Factors of Global Electric Vehicle Market	24
Figure 9. Primary Restraints and Impact Factors of Global Electric Vehicle Market	27
Figure 10. Porter's Fiver Forces Analysis of Global Electric Vehicle Market	33
Figure 11. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Offering, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	37
Figure 12. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Offering, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	38
Figure 13. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Hardware, 2019-2030, $ bn	39
Figure 14. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Software, 2019-2030, $ bn	40
Figure 15. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Service, 2019-2030, $ bn	41
Figure 16. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	42
Figure 17. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Propulsion Technology, 2019-2030, % of Sales Volume	43
Figure 18. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Propulsion Technology, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	44
Figure 19. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Propulsion Technology, Volume (million units) and Share (%)	44
Figure 20. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), 2019-2030, $ bn	45
Figure 21. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), 2019-2030, million units	46
Figure 22. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), 2019-2030, $ bn	47
Figure 23. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), 2019-2030, million units	48
Figure 24. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), 2019-2030, $ bn	49
Figure 25. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), 2019-2030, million units	50
Figure 26. Plug-in Electric Vehicle Ownership Per Capita in Top Selling Countries, December 2018-2030, units per 1000 people	50
Figure 27. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), 2019-2030, $ bn	51
Figure 28. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), 2019-2030, million units	52
Figure 29. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Power Source, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	53
Figure 30. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Power Source, 2019-2030, % of Sales Volume	54
Figure 31. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Power Source, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	55
Figure 32. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Power Source, Volume (million units) and Share (%)	55
Figure 33. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Onboard Electricity Storage, 2019-2030, $ bn	56
Figure 34. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Onboard Electricity Storage, 2019-2030, million units	57
Figure 35. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Onboard Electricity Generation, 2019-2030, $ bn	58
Figure 36. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Onboard Electricity Generation, 2019-2030, million units	59
Figure 37. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	61
Figure 38. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Charging Level, 2019-2030, % of Sales Volume	62
Figure 39. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Charging Level, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	63
Figure 40. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Charging Level, Volume (million units) and Share (%)	63
Figure 41. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Level 1 Charging, 2019-2030, $ bn	64
Figure 42. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Level 1 Charging, 2019-2030, million units	65
Figure 43. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Level 2 Charging, 2019-2030, $ bn	66
Figure 44. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Level 2 Charging, 2019-2030, million units	67
Figure 45. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Fast Charging, 2019-2030, $ bn	68
Figure 46. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Fast Charging, 2019-2030, million units	69
Figure 47. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	70
Figure 48. Breakdown of Global Electric Vehicle Market by Vehicle Type, 2019-2030, % of Sales Volume	71
Figure 49. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Vehicle Type, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	72
Figure 50. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Vehicle Type, Volume (million units) and Share (%)	72
Figure 51. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Passenger Cars, 2019-2030, $ bn	73
Figure 52. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Passenger Cars, 2019-2030, million units	74
Figure 53. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Commercial Vehicles, 2019-2030, $ bn	75
Figure 54. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Commercial Vehicles, 2019-2030, million units	76
Figure 55. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Two-Wheelers, 2019-2030, $ bn	77
Figure 56. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Two-Wheelers, 2019-2030, million units	78
Figure 57. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Other Vehicle Types, 2019-2030, $ bn	79
Figure 58. Global Electric Vehicle Market: Other Vehicle Types, 2019-2030, million units	80
Figure 59.  Global Market Snapshot by Region	81
Figure 60.  Geographic Spread of Worldwide Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, % of Revenue	82
Figure 61.  Geographic Spread of Worldwide Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, % of Sales Volume	83
Figure 62. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Region, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	84
Figure 63. Contribution to Global 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Region, Volume (million units) and Share (%)	84
Figure 64.  North American Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	87
Figure 65.  North American Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, million units	87
Figure 66. Breakdown of North America Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019 and 2030, % of Revenue	88
Figure 67. Contribution to North America 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Country, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	89
Figure 68. U.S. Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	91
Figure 69. U.S. Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, thousand units	91
Figure 70. Canada Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	94
Figure 71. Canada Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, thousand units	95
Figure 72.  European Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	98
Figure 73.  European Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, million units	98
Figure 74. Breakdown of European Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019 and 2030, % of Revenue	99
Figure 75. Contribution to Europe 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Country, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	100
Figure 76.  Electric Vehicle Market in Germany, 2019-2030, $ bn	101
Figure 77.  Electric Vehicle Market in Germany, 2019-2030, thousand units	102
Figure 78.  Electric Vehicle Market in UK, 2019-2030, $ bn	104
Figure 79.  Electric Vehicle Market in UK, 2019-2030, thousand units	105
Figure 80.  Electric Vehicle Market in France, 2019-2030, $ bn	107
Figure 81.  Electric Vehicle Market in France, 2019-2030, thousand units	108
Figure 82.  Electric Vehicle Market in Norway, 2019-2030, $ bn	110
Figure 83.  Electric Vehicle Market in Norway, 2019-2030, thousand units	111
Figure 84.  Electric Vehicle Market in Netherlands, 2019-2030, $ bn	113
Figure 85.  Electric Vehicle Market in Netherlands, 2019-2030, thousand units	114
Figure 86.  Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of Europe, 2019-2030, $ bn	116
Figure 87. Asia-Pacific Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	119
Figure 88. Asia-Pacific Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, million units	119
Figure 89. Breakdown of APAC Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019 and 2030, % of Revenue	120
Figure 90. Contribution to APAC 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Country, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	121
Figure 91.  Electric Vehicle Market in Japan, 2019-2030, $ bn	123
Figure 92.  Electric Vehicle Market in Japan, 2019-2030, thousand units	123
Figure 93.  Electric Vehicle Market in China, 2019-2030, $ bn	125
Figure 94.  Electric Vehicle Market in China, 2019-2030, thousand units	126
Figure 95.  Electric Vehicle Market in Australia, 2019-2030, $ bn	128
Figure 96.  Electric Vehicle Market in Australia, 2019-2030, thousand units	129
Figure 97.  Electric Vehicle Market in India, 2019-2030, $ bn	131
Figure 98.  Electric Vehicle Market in India, 2019-2030, thousand units	132
Figure 99.  Electric Vehicle Market in South Korea, 2019-2030, $ bn	134
Figure 100.  Electric Vehicle Market in South Korea, 2019-2030, thousand units	135
Figure 101.  Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of APAC, 2019-2030, $ bn	137
Figure 102. Latin America Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, $ bn	140
Figure 103. Latin America Electric Vehicle Market, 2019-2030, million units	140
Figure 104. Breakdown of Latin America Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019 and 2030, % of Revenue	141
Figure 105. Contribution to Latin America 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Country, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	142
Figure 106.  Electric Vehicle Market in Argentina, 2019-2030, $ bn	143
Figure 107.  Electric Vehicle Market in Argentina, 2019-2030, thousand units	144
Figure 108.  Electric Vehicle Market in Brazil, 2019-2030, $ bn	146
Figure 109.  Electric Vehicle Market in Brazil, 2019-2030, thousand units	147
Figure 110.  Electric Vehicle Market in Mexico, 2019-2030, $ bn	149
Figure 111.  Electric Vehicle Market in Mexico, 2019-2030, thousand units	150
Figure 112.  Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of Latin America, 2019-2030, $ bn	152
Figure 113. Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of the World (RoW), 2019-2030, $ bn	154
Figure 114. Electric Vehicle Market in Rest of the World (RoW), 2019-2030, million units	154
Figure 115. Breakdown of RoW Electric Vehicle Market by Country, 2019 and 2030, % of Revenue	155
Figure 116. Contribution to RoW 2020-2030 Cumulative Revenue by Country, Value ($ bn) and Share (%)	156
Figure 117.  Electric Vehicle Market in UAE, 2019-2030, $ bn	157
Figure 118.  Electric Vehicle Market in UAE, 2019-2030, thousand units	158
Figure 119.  Electric Vehicle Market in Saudi Arabia, 2019-2030, $ bn	160
Figure 120.  Electric Vehicle Market in Saudi Arabia, 2019-2030, thousand units	161
Figure 121.  Electric Vehicle Market in Egypt, 2019-2030, $ bn	163
Figure 122.  Electric Vehicle Market in Egypt, 2019-2030, thousand units	164
Figure 123. Growth Stage of Global Electric Vehicle Industry over the Forecast Period	167