The global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) market is expected to reach US$ XX Million by 2028, with a CAGR of XX% from 2023 to 2028, based on HNY Research newly published report.
The prime objective of this report is to provide the insights on the post COVID-19 impact which will help market players in this field evaluate their business approaches. Also, this report covers market segmentation by major market verdors, types, applications/end users and geography(North America, East Asia, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, South America).
By Market Verdors:
Novartis
Ovation Pharmaceuticals
Pfizer
Sanofi
Vivus
Astrazeneca
Elan
Eli Lilly
Glaxosmithkline
By Types:
Chemical Synthesis
Biological Fermentation
By Applications:
Pharmaceuticals
Foods
Beverages
Feeds Industries
Key Indicators Analysed
Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2017-2028 & Sales with a thorough analysis of the market's competitive landscape and detailed information on vendors and comprehensive details of factors that will challenge the growth of major market vendors.
Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2017-2028. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its sales, sales volume & revenue forecast. With detailed analysis by types and applications.
Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.
Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology
Porters Five Force Analysis: The report provides with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.
Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.
Chapter 1 Industry Overview
1.1 Definition
1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Research Scope
1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2023-2028)
1.5 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.5.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Consumption Volume
1.5.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Size Analysis from 2023 to 2028 by Value
1.5.3 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Price Trends Analysis from 2023 to 2028
1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
2.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) (Volume and Value) by Type
2.1.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.1.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
2.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) (Volume and Value) by Application
2.2.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.2.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Revenue and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
2.3 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
2.3.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)
Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis
3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
3.1.1 2017-2022 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
3.1.2 2017-2022 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
3.2.1 2017-2022 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
3.2.2 North America Market
3.2.3 East Asia Market
3.2.4 Europe Market
3.2.5 South Asia Market
3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
3.2.7 Middle East Market
3.2.8 Africa Market
3.2.9 Oceania Market
3.2.10 South America Market
3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2017-2022)
4.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Regions (2017-2022)
4.2 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.3 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.4 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.5 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.6 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.7 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.8 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.9 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
4.10 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2017-2022)
Chapter 5 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
5.1 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
5.1.1 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
5.2 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
5.3 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
5.4 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
5.4.1 United States GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.2 Canada GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
5.4.3 Mexico GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 6 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
6.1 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
6.1.1 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
6.2 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
6.3 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
6.4 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
6.4.1 China GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.2 Japan GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
6.4.3 South Korea GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 7 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
7.1 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
7.1.1 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
7.2 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
7.3 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
7.4 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
7.4.1 Germany GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.2 UK GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.3 France GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.4 Italy GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.5 Russia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.6 Spain GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.7 Netherlands GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.8 Switzerland GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
7.4.9 Poland GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 8 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
8.1 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
8.1.1 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
8.2 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
8.3 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
8.4 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
8.4.1 India GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.2 Pakistan GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
8.4.3 Bangladesh GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 9 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
9.1 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
9.1.1 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
9.2 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
9.3 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
9.4 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
9.4.1 Indonesia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.2 Thailand GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.3 Singapore GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.4 Malaysia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.5 Philippines GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.6 Vietnam GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
9.4.7 Myanmar GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 10 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
10.1 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
10.1.1 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
10.2 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
10.3 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
10.4 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
10.4.1 Turkey GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.3 Iran GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.4 United Arab Emirates GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.5 Israel GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.6 Iraq GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.7 Qatar GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.8 Kuwait GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
10.4.9 Oman GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 11 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
11.1 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
11.1.1 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
11.2 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
11.3 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
11.4 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
11.4.1 Nigeria GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.2 South Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.3 Egypt GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.4 Algeria GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
11.4.5 Morocco GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 12 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
12.1 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
12.2 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
12.3 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
12.4 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption by Top Countries
12.4.1 Australia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
12.4.2 New Zealand GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 13 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Analysis
13.1 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption and Value Analysis
13.1.1 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Under COVID-19
13.2 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Types
13.3 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Structure by Application
13.4 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume by Major Countries
13.4.1 Brazil GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.2 Argentina GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.3 Columbia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.4 Chile GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.5 Venezuela GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.6 Peru GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.7 Puerto Rico GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
13.4.8 Ecuador GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume from 2017 to 2022
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Business
14.1 Novartis
14.1.1 Novartis Company Profile
14.1.2 Novartis GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.1.3 Novartis GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.2 Ovation Pharmaceuticals
14.2.1 Ovation Pharmaceuticals Company Profile
14.2.2 Ovation Pharmaceuticals GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.2.3 Ovation Pharmaceuticals GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.3 Pfizer
14.3.1 Pfizer Company Profile
14.3.2 Pfizer GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.3.3 Pfizer GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.4 Sanofi
14.4.1 Sanofi Company Profile
14.4.2 Sanofi GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.4.3 Sanofi GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.5 Vivus
14.5.1 Vivus Company Profile
14.5.2 Vivus GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.5.3 Vivus GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.6 Astrazeneca
14.6.1 Astrazeneca Company Profile
14.6.2 Astrazeneca GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.6.3 Astrazeneca GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.7 Elan
14.7.1 Elan Company Profile
14.7.2 Elan GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.7.3 Elan GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.8 Eli Lilly
14.8.1 Eli Lilly Company Profile
14.8.2 Eli Lilly GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.8.3 Eli Lilly GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
14.9 Glaxosmithkline
14.9.1 Glaxosmithkline Company Profile
14.9.2 Glaxosmithkline GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Product Specification
14.9.3 Glaxosmithkline GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
Chapter 15 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.1.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
15.2.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)
15.2.3 North America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.4 East Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.5 Europe GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.6 South Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.7 Southeast Asia GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.8 Middle East GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.9 Africa GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.10 Oceania GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.2.11 South America GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2023-2028)
15.3 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.1 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.2 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.3.3 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Price Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
15.4 Global GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
15.5 GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology
The Industry Supervision Big Data Service Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscap...
The Nucleic Acid Nanotechnology Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, manufac...
The Industry Standards Management System Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape...
The Flight Status Information Flight System Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landsc...
The Professional Employer Organization Service Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive lan...
The Professional Catering Solutions For Corporations Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competiti...
The Professional Graphic Design Production Services Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitiv...
The Professional Clinical Training And Education Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive l...
The Residential Refurbishment Industry Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, ...
The Industry-Focused Low-Code Solutions Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape,...