We have an updated report [Version - 2024] available. Kindly sign up to get the sample of the report.

2021-2027 Global and Regional Duck Vaccines Industry Production, Sales and Consumption Status and Prospects Professional Market Research Report Standard Version

The research team projects that the Duck Vaccines market size will grow from XXX in 2020 to XXX by 2027, at an estimated CAGR of XX. The base year considered for the study is 2020, and the market size is projected from 2020 to 2027.

The prime objective of this report is to help the user understand the market in terms of its definition, segmentation, market potential, influential trends, and the challenges that the market is facing with 10 major regions and 50 major countries. Deep researches and analysis were done during the preparation of the report. The readers will find this report very helpful in understanding the market in depth. The data and the information regarding the market are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, journals, and others and were checked and validated by the industry experts. The facts and data are represented in the report using diagrams, graphs, pie charts, and other pictorial representations. This enhances the visual representation and also helps in understanding the facts much better.

By Market Players:
Merial
DHN
Ringpu Biology
CEVA
Merck Animal Health
QYH Biotech
ChengDu Tecbond
Harbin Veterinary Research Institute
Yebio
Zoetis
Elanco (Lohmann)
Vaksindo
FATRO
CAVAC

By Type
Live Vaccines
Killed Vaccines

By Application
Avian Influenza Vaccine
Newcastle Disease Vaccine
Other

By Regions/Countries:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico

East Asia
China
Japan
South Korea

Europe
Germany
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Russia
Spain
Netherlands
Switzerland
Poland

South Asia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh

Southeast Asia
Indonesia
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Myanmar

Middle East
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Iran
United Arab Emirates
Israel
Iraq
Qatar
Kuwait
Oman

Africa
Nigeria
South Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Morocoo

Oceania
Australia
New Zealand

South America
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Venezuela
Peru
Puerto Rico
Ecuador

Rest of the World
Kazakhstan

Points Covered in The Report
The points that are discussed within the report are the major market players that are involved in the market such as market players, raw material suppliers, equipment suppliers, end users, traders, distributors and etc.
The complete profile of the companies is mentioned. And the capacity, production, price, revenue, cost, gross, gross margin, sales volume, sales revenue, consumption, growth rate, import, export, supply, future strategies, and the technological developments that they are making are also included within the report. This report analyzed 12 years data history and forecast.
The growth factors of the market is discussed in detail wherein the different end users of the market are explained in detail.
Data and information by market player, by region, by type, by application and etc, and custom research can be added according to specific requirements.
The report contains the SWOT analysis of the market. Finally, the report contains the conclusion part where the opinions of the industrial experts are included.

Key Reasons to Purchase
To gain insightful analyses of the market and have comprehensive understanding of the global market and its commercial landscape.
Assess the production processes, major issues, and solutions to mitigate the development risk.
To understand the most affecting driving and restraining forces in the market and its impact in the global market.
Learn about the market strategies that are being adopted by leading respective organizations.
To understand the future outlook and prospects for the market.
Besides the standard structure reports, we also provide custom research according to specific requirements.

The report focuses on Global, Top 10 Regions and Top 50 Countries Market Size of Duck Vaccines 2016-2021, and development forecast 2022-2027 including industries, major players/suppliers worldwide and market share by regions, with company and product introduction, position in the market including their market status and development trend by types and applications which will provide its price and profit status, and marketing status & market growth drivers and challenges, with base year as 2020.

Key Indicators Analysed
Market Players & Competitor Analysis: The report covers the key players of the industry including Company Profile, Product Specifications, Production Capacity/Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin 2016-2021 & Sales by Product Types.
Global and Regional Market Analysis: The report includes Global & Regional market status and outlook 2022-2027. Further the report provides break down details about each region & countries covered in the report. Identifying its production, consumption, import & export, sales volume & revenue forecast.
Market Analysis by Product Type: The report covers majority Product Types in the Duck Vaccines Industry, including its product specifcations by each key player, volume, sales by Volume and Value (M USD).
Markat Analysis by Application Type: Based on the Duck Vaccines Industry and its applications, the market is further sub-segmented into several major Application of its industry. It provides you with the market size, CAGR & forecast by each industry applications.
Market Trends: Market key trends which include Increased Competition and Continuous Innovations.
Opportunities and Drivers: Identifying the Growing Demands and New Technology
Porters Five Force Analysis: The report will provide with the state of competition in industry depending on five basic forces: threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute products or services, and existing industry rivalry.

COVID-19 Impact
Report covers Impact of Coronavirus COVID-19: Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost every country around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affect the Duck Vaccines market in 2021. The outbreak of COVID-19 has brought effects on many aspects, like flight cancellations; travel bans and quarantines; restaurants closed; all indoor/outdoor events restricted; over forty countries state of emergency declared; massive slowing of the supply chain; stock market volatility; falling business confidence, growing panic among the population, and uncertainty about future.

Chapter 1 Industry Overview
1.1 Definition
1.2 Assumptions
1.3 Research Scope
1.4 Market Analysis by Regions
1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2022-2027)
1.5 Global Duck Vaccines Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027
1.5.1 Global Duck Vaccines Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Consumption Volume
1.5.2 Global Duck Vaccines Market Size Analysis from 2022 to 2027 by Value
1.5.3 Global Duck Vaccines Price Trends Analysis from 2022 to 2027
1.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Duck Vaccines Industry Impact
Chapter 2 Global Duck Vaccines Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries
2.1 Global Duck Vaccines (Volume and Value) by Type
2.1.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
2.1.2 Global Duck Vaccines Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Duck Vaccines (Volume and Value) by Application
2.2.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
2.2.2 Global Duck Vaccines Revenue and Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Duck Vaccines (Volume and Value) by Regions
2.3.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
2.3.2 Global Duck Vaccines Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2016-2021)
Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis
3.1 Global Production Market Analysis
3.1.1 2016-2021 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis
3.1.2 2016-2021 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share
3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis
3.2.1 2016-2021 Regional Market Performance and Market Share
3.2.2 North America Market
3.2.3 East Asia Market
3.2.4 Europe Market
3.2.5 South Asia Market
3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market
3.2.7 Middle East Market
3.2.8 Africa Market
3.2.9 Oceania Market
3.2.10 South America Market
3.2.11 Rest of the World Market
Chapter 4 Global Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2016-2021)
4.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption by Regions (2016-2021)
4.2 North America Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.3 East Asia Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.4 Europe Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.5 South Asia Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.6 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.7 Middle East Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.8 Africa Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.9 Oceania Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
4.10 South America Duck Vaccines Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2016-2021)
Chapter 5 North America Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
5.1 North America Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
5.1.1 North America Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
5.2 North America Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
5.3 North America Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
5.4 North America Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
5.4.1 United States Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
5.4.2 Canada Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
5.4.3 Mexico Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 6 East Asia Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
6.1 East Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
6.1.1 East Asia Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
6.2 East Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
6.3 East Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
6.4 East Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
6.4.1 China Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
6.4.2 Japan Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
6.4.3 South Korea Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 7 Europe Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
7.1 Europe Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
7.1.1 Europe Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
7.2 Europe Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
7.3 Europe Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
7.4 Europe Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
7.4.1 Germany Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.2 UK Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.3 France Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.4 Italy Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.5 Russia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.6 Spain Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.7 Netherlands Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.8 Switzerland Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
7.4.9 Poland Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 8 South Asia Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
8.1 South Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
8.1.1 South Asia Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
8.2 South Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
8.3 South Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
8.4 South Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
8.4.1 India Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
8.4.2 Pakistan Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
8.4.3 Bangladesh Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
9.1 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
9.1.1 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
9.2 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
9.3 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
9.4 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
9.4.1 Indonesia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.2 Thailand Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.3 Singapore Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.4 Malaysia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.5 Philippines Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.6 Vietnam Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
9.4.7 Myanmar Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 10 Middle East Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
10.1 Middle East Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
10.1.1 Middle East Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
10.2 Middle East Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
10.3 Middle East Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
10.4 Middle East Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
10.4.1 Turkey Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.2 Saudi Arabia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.3 Iran Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.4 United Arab Emirates Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.5 Israel Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.6 Iraq Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.7 Qatar Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.8 Kuwait Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
10.4.9 Oman Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 11 Africa Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
11.1 Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
11.1.1 Africa Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
11.2 Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
11.3 Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
11.4 Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
11.4.1 Nigeria Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.2 South Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.3 Egypt Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.4 Algeria Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
11.4.5 Morocco Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 12 Oceania Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
12.1 Oceania Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
12.2 Oceania Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
12.3 Oceania Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
12.4 Oceania Duck Vaccines Consumption by Top Countries
12.4.1 Australia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
12.4.2 New Zealand Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 13 South America Duck Vaccines Market Analysis
13.1 South America Duck Vaccines Consumption and Value Analysis
13.1.1 South America Duck Vaccines Market Under COVID-19
13.2 South America Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Types
13.3 South America Duck Vaccines Consumption Structure by Application
13.4 South America Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume by Major Countries
13.4.1 Brazil Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.2 Argentina Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.3 Columbia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.4 Chile Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.5 Venezuela Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.6 Peru Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.7 Puerto Rico Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
13.4.8 Ecuador Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume from 2016 to 2021
Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Duck Vaccines Business
14.1 Merial
14.1.1 Merial Company Profile
14.1.2 Merial Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.1.3 Merial Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.2 DHN
14.2.1 DHN Company Profile
14.2.2 DHN Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.2.3 DHN Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.3 Ringpu Biology
14.3.1 Ringpu Biology Company Profile
14.3.2 Ringpu Biology Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.3.3 Ringpu Biology Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.4 CEVA
14.4.1 CEVA Company Profile
14.4.2 CEVA Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.4.3 CEVA Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.5 Merck Animal Health
14.5.1 Merck Animal Health Company Profile
14.5.2 Merck Animal Health Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.5.3 Merck Animal Health Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.6 QYH Biotech
14.6.1 QYH Biotech Company Profile
14.6.2 QYH Biotech Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.6.3 QYH Biotech Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.7 ChengDu Tecbond
14.7.1 ChengDu Tecbond Company Profile
14.7.2 ChengDu Tecbond Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.7.3 ChengDu Tecbond Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.8 Harbin Veterinary Research Institute
14.8.1 Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Company Profile
14.8.2 Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.8.3 Harbin Veterinary Research Institute Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.9 Yebio
14.9.1 Yebio Company Profile
14.9.2 Yebio Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.9.3 Yebio Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.10 Zoetis
14.10.1 Zoetis Company Profile
14.10.2 Zoetis Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.10.3 Zoetis Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.11 Elanco (Lohmann)
14.11.1 Elanco (Lohmann) Company Profile
14.11.2 Elanco (Lohmann) Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.11.3 Elanco (Lohmann) Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.12 Vaksindo
14.12.1 Vaksindo Company Profile
14.12.2 Vaksindo Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.12.3 Vaksindo Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.13 FATRO
14.13.1 FATRO Company Profile
14.13.2 FATRO Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.13.3 FATRO Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
14.14 CAVAC
14.14.1 CAVAC Company Profile
14.14.2 CAVAC Duck Vaccines Product Specification
14.14.3 CAVAC Duck Vaccines Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Chapter 15 Global Duck Vaccines Market Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.1.2 Global Duck Vaccines Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
15.2.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
15.2.2 Global Duck Vaccines Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2022-2027)
15.2.3 North America Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.4 East Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.5 Europe Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.6 South Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.7 Southeast Asia Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.8 Middle East Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.9 Africa Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.10 Oceania Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.2.11 South America Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
15.3 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.1 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.2 Global Duck Vaccines Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.3.3 Global Duck Vaccines Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
15.4 Global Duck Vaccines Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
15.5 Duck Vaccines Market Forecast Under COVID-19
Chapter 16 Conclusions
Research Methodology

Choose License Type

Happy To Assist You

Contact Images

We will be happy to help you find what you need. Please call us or write to us:

Frequently Asked Questions

This report incorporates the analysis of factors that augments the market growth. Report presents competitive landscape of the global market. This also provides the scope of different segments and applications that can potentially influence the market in the future. The analysis is based on current market trends and historic growth data. It includes detailed market segmentation, regional analysis, and competitive landscape of the industry.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides industry forecast. The market was valued at xxx Million US$ in 2019, and is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2027.
The report efficiently evaluates the current market size and provides forecast for the industry in terms of Value (US$ Mn) and Volume (Thousands Units).
Market is segmented by:
  • Product Types
  • Drug Class
  • Indication
  • Applications
  • Services Types
  • End-users
  • Distribution channel
  • Regions
The report share key insights on the following:
  • Current market size
  • Market forecast
  • Market opportunities
  • Key drivers
  • Restraints
  • Pipeline Analysis
  • Incidence Rate
  • Epidemiology Analysis
  • Prevalence rate
  • Regulatory scenario
  • Industry trend
  • Pestle Analysis
  • Porter’s Analysis
  • New product approvals/launch
  • Promotion and marketing initiatives
  • Pricing analysis
  • Export-import analysis
  • Trade analysis
  • Competitive landscape
It helps the businesses in making investments decisions.
Customization helps the organization to gain insight on specific segments and regions of interest. Thus, WMR offers tailored report information based on business requirement in order to take strategic calls.
Contact us

mapicon
Sales Office (U.S.):
Worldwide Market Reports, 533 Airport Boulevard, Suite 400, Burlingame, CA 94010, United States

mapicon+1-415-871-0703

mapicon
Asia Pacific Intelligence Center (India):
Worldwide Market Reports, 403, 4th Floor, Bremen Business Center, Aundh, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.

Newsletter

Want us to send you latest updates of the current trends, insights, and more, signup to our newsletter (for alerts, special offers, and discounts).


Secure Payment By:
paymenticon

This website is secured Origin CA certificate on the server, Comodo, Firewall and Verified Sitelock Malware Protection

secureimg

© 2024 Worldwide Market Reports. All Rights Reserved