Android POS Market Research: Global Status & Forecast by Geography, Type & Application (2017-2027)

Table of Content
1 Industrial Chain Overview
1.1 Android POS Industry
1.1.1 Overview
Figure Android POS Picture List
1.1.2 Characteristics of Android POS
1.2 Upstream
1.2.1 Major Materials
1.2.2 Manufacturing Overview
1.3 Product List By Type
1.3.1 Portable
1.3.2 Desktop
1.3.3 Others
1.4 End-Use List
1.4.1 Demand in Retail
1.4.2 Demand in Restaurant
1.4.3 Demand in Hospitality Industry
1.4.4 Demand in Others
1.5 Global Market Overview
1.5.1 Global Market Size and Forecast, 2017-2027
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2017-2027
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2017-2027
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2017-2027
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography
2.1 Global Production & Consumption
2.1.1 Global Production
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.1.2 Global Consumption
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption
2.2.1 Production
2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.1.2 North America
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.1.3 South America
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.1.4 Europe
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.2 Consumption
2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.2.2 North America
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.2.3 South America
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.2.4 Europe
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
3 Major Manufacturers Introduction
3.1 Manufacturers Overview
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021
3.2 Manufacturers List
3.2.1 VeriFone Overview
Table VeriFone Overview List
3.2.1.1 Product Specifications
3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of VeriFone (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.1.3 Recent Developments
3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.2 Ingenico Overview
Table Ingenico Overview List
3.2.2.1 Product Specifications
3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Ingenico (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.2.3 Recent Developments
3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.3 Clover Network Overview
Table Clover Network Overview List
3.2.3.1 Product Specifications
3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Clover Network (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.3.3 Recent Developments
3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.4 AccuPOS Overview
Table AccuPOS Overview List
3.2.4.1 Product Specifications
3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of AccuPOS (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.4.3 Recent Developments
3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.5 Posandro Overview
Table Posandro Overview List
3.2.5.1 Product Specifications
3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Posandro (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.5.3 Recent Developments
3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.6 PAX Technology Overview
Table PAX Technology Overview List
3.2.6.1 Product Specifications
3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of PAX Technology (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.6.3 Recent Developments
3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.7 Emobilepos Overview
Table Emobilepos Overview List
3.2.7.1 Product Specifications
3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Emobilepos (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.7.3 Recent Developments
3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.8 SZZT Electronics Overview
Table SZZT Electronics Overview List
3.2.8.1 Product Specifications
3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of SZZT Electronics (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.8.3 Recent Developments
3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.9 Newland Payment Overview
Table Newland Payment Overview List
3.2.9.1 Product Specifications
3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Newland Payment (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.9.3 Recent Developments
3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.10 Bitel Overview
Table Bitel Overview List
3.2.10.1 Product Specifications
3.2.10.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Bitel (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.10.3 Recent Developments
3.2.10.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.11 Xinguodu Overview
Table Xinguodu Overview List
3.2.11.1 Product Specifications
3.2.11.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Xinguodu (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.11.3 Recent Developments
3.2.11.4 Future Strategic Planning
3.2.12 Flytech Overview
Table Flytech Overview List
3.2.12.1 Product Specifications
3.2.12.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin)
Table Android POS Business Operation of Flytech (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
3.2.12.3 Recent Developments
3.2.12.4 Future Strategic Planning
4 Market Competition Pattern
4.1 Market Size and Sketch
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
4.2 Company Market Share
4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Million USD
4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis
4.3 Market News and Trend
4.3.1 Merger & Acquisition
4.3.2 New Product Launch
5 Product Type Segment
5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume
5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type
5.2.1 Market in Portable
5.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Portable, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Portable, 2017-2021, in Volume
5.2.1.2 Situation & Development
5.2.2 Market in Desktop
5.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Desktop, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Desktop, 2017-2021, in Volume
5.2.2.2 Situation & Development
5.2.3 Market in Others
5.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume
5.2.3.2 Situation & Development
6 End-Use Segment
6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume
6.2 Segment Subdivision
6.2.1 Market in Retail
6.2.1.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Retail, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Retail, 2017-2021, in Volume
6.2.1.2 Situation & Development
6.2.2 Market in Restaurant
6.2.2.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Restaurant, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Restaurant, 2017-2021, in Volume
6.2.2.2 Situation & Development
6.2.3 Market in Hospitality Industry
6.2.3.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Hospitality Industry, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Hospitality Industry, 2017-2021, in Volume
6.2.3.2 Situation & Development
6.2.4 Market in Others
6.2.4.1 Market Size
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume
6.2.4.2 Situation & Development
7 Market Forecast & Trend
7.1 Regional Forecast
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume
7.2 Consumption Forecast
7.2.1 Product Type Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume
7.2.2 End-Use Forecast
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Volume
7.3 Investment Trend
7.4 Consumption Trend
8 Price & Channel
8.1 Price and Cost
8.1.1 Price
8.1.2 Cost
Figure Cost Component Ratio
8.2 Channel Segment
9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment
9.1 Market Drivers
9.2 Investment Environment
9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Android POS Industry
9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream
9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream
9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels
9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition
9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment
10 Research Conclusion

List of Table
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information
Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021
Table VeriFone Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of VeriFone (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Ingenico Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Ingenico (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Clover Network Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Clover Network (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table AccuPOS Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of AccuPOS (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Posandro Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Posandro (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table PAX Technology Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of PAX Technology (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Emobilepos Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Emobilepos (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table SZZT Electronics Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of SZZT Electronics (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Newland Payment Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Newland Payment (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Bitel Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Bitel (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Xinguodu Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Xinguodu (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Flytech Overview List
Table Android POS Business Operation of Flytech (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume
Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD
Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Volume

List of Figure
Figure Android POS Picture List
Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2017-2027
Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview
Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Volume
Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Million USD
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Portable, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Portable, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Desktop, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Desktop, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Retail, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Retail, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Restaurant, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Restaurant, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Hospitality Industry, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Hospitality Industry, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million
Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume
Figure Cost Component Ratio