Summary
Further key aspects of the report indicate that:
Chapter 1: Research Scope: Product Definition, Type, End-Use & Methodology
Chapter 2: Global Industry Summary
Chapter 3: Market Dynamics
Chapter 4: Global Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 5: North America Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 6: Europe Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 7: Asia-Pacific Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 8: South America Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use
Chapter 9: Middle East and Africa Market Segmentation by region, type and End-Use.
Chapter 10: Market Competition by Companies
Chapter 11: Market forecast and environment forecast.
Chapter 12: Industry Summary.
The global Air Transport MRO market has the potential to grow with xx million USD with growing CAGR in the forecast period from 2021f to 2026f. Factors driving the market for Air Transport MRO are the significant development of demand and improvement of COVID-19 and geo-economics.
Based on the type of product, the global Air Transport MRO market segmented into
Heavy Maintenance Inspection
Engine Service Check
Component Maintenance
Line Maintenance
Avionic Standardization
Aircraft Conversions
Based on the end-use, the global Air Transport MRO market classified into
Civil Air Transport MRO
Military Air Transport MRO
Based on geography, the global Air Transport MRO market segmented into
North America [U.S., Canada, Mexico]
Europe [Germany, UK, France, Italy, Rest of Europe]
Asia-Pacific [China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific]
South America [Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America]
Middle East & Africa [GCC, North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa]
And the major players included in the report are
ST Aerospac (Singapore)
Lufthansa Technik (Germany)
Timco Aviation Services (US)
Delta TechOps (US)
Mubadala Aerospace (UAE)
Prattand Whitney (Canada)
Rockwell Collins (US)
GE Aviation (US)
HEICO (US)
IAI (Spain)
Iberia Maintenance(Israel)
Table of Contents
1 RESEARCH SCOPE
1.1 Research Product Definition
1.2 Research Segmentation
1.2.1 Product Type
1.2.2 Main product Type of Major Players
1.3 Demand Overview
1.4 Research Methodology
2 GLOBAL AIR TRANSPORT MRO INDUSTRY
2.1 Summary about Air Transport MRO Industry
2.2 Air Transport MRO Market Trends
2.2.1 Air Transport MRO Production & Consumption Trends
2.2.2 Air Transport MRO Demand Structure Trends
2.3 Air Transport MRO Cost & Price
3 MARKET DYNAMICS
3.1 Manufacturing & Purchasing Behavior in 2020
3.2 Market Development under the Impact of COVID-19
3.2.1 Drivers
3.2.2 Restraints
3.2.3 Opportunity
3.2.4 Risk
4 GLOBAL MARKET SEGMENTATION
4.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.1.1 North America (U.S., Canada and Mexico)
4.1.2 Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Rest of Europe)
4.1.3 Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Australia, Rest of Asia Pacific)
4.1.4 South America (Brazil,, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)
4.1.5 Middle East and Africa (GCC, North Africa, South Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa)
4.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
4.2.2 Engine Service Check
4.2.3 Component Maintenance
4.2.4 Line Maintenance
4.2.5 Avionic Standardization
4.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
4.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
4.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
4.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
5 NORTH AMERICA MARKET SEGMENT
5.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.1.1 U.S.
5.1.2 Canada
5.1.3 Mexico
5.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
5.2.2 Engine Service Check
5.2.3 Component Maintenance
5.2.4 Line Maintenance
5.2.5 Avionic Standardization
5.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
5.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
5.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
5.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
5.4 Impact of COVID-19 in North America
6 EUROPE MARKET SEGMENTATION
6.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.1.1 Germany
6.1.2 UK
6.1.3 France
6.1.4 Italy
6.1.5 Rest of Europe
6.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
6.2.2 Engine Service Check
6.2.3 Component Maintenance
6.2.4 Line Maintenance
6.2.5 Avionic Standardization
6.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
6.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
6.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
6.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
6.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
7 ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET SEGMENTATION
7.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.1.1 China
7.1.2 India
7.1.3 Japan
7.1.4 South Korea
7.1.5 Southeast Asia
7.1.6 Australia
7.1.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
7.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
7.2.2 Engine Service Check
7.2.3 Component Maintenance
7.2.4 Line Maintenance
7.2.5 Avionic Standardization
7.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
7.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
7.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
7.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
7.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
8 SOUTH AMERICA MARKET SEGMENTATION
8.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.1.1 Brazil
8.1.2 Argentina
8.1.3 Rest of Latin America
8.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
8.2.2 Engine Service Check
8.2.3 Component Maintenance
8.2.4 Line Maintenance
8.2.5 Avionic Standardization
8.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
8.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
8.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
8.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
8.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
9 MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA MARKET SEGMENTATION
9.1 Region Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.1.1 GCC
9.1.2 North Africa
9.1.3 South Africa
9.1.4 Rest of Middle East and Africa
9.2 Product Type Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.2.1 Heavy Maintenance Inspection
9.2.2 Engine Service Check
9.2.3 Component Maintenance
9.2.4 Line Maintenance
9.2.5 Avionic Standardization
9.2.6 Aircraft Conversions
9.3 Consumption Segmentation (2017 to 2021f)
9.3.1 Civil Air Transport MRO
9.3.2 Military Air Transport MRO
9.4 Impact of COVID-19 in Europe
10 COMPETITION OF MAJOR PLAYERS
10.1 Brief Introduction of Major Players
10.1.1 ST Aerospac (Singapore)
10.1.2 Lufthansa Technik (Germany)
10.1.3 Timco Aviation Services (US)
10.1.4 Delta TechOps (US)
10.1.5 Mubadala Aerospace (UAE)
10.1.6 Prattand Whitney (Canada)
10.1.7 Rockwell Collins (US)
10.1.8 GE Aviation (US)
10.1.9 HEICO (US)
10.1.10 IAI (Spain)
10.1.11 Iberia Maintenance(Israel)
10.2 Air Transport MRO Sales Date of Major Players (2017-2020e)
10.2.1 ST Aerospac (Singapore)
10.2.2 Lufthansa Technik (Germany)
10.2.3 Timco Aviation Services (US)
10.2.4 Delta TechOps (US)
10.2.5 Mubadala Aerospace (UAE)
10.2.6 Prattand Whitney (Canada)
10.2.7 Rockwell Collins (US)
10.2.8 GE Aviation (US)
10.2.9 HEICO (US)
10.2.10 IAI (Spain)
10.2.11 Iberia Maintenance(Israel)
10.3 Market Distribution of Major Players
10.4 Global Competition Segmentation
11 MARKET FORECAST
11.1 Forecast by Region
11.2 Forecast by Demand
11.3 Environment Forecast
11.3.1 Impact of COVID-19
11.3.2 Geopolitics Overview
11.3.3 Economic Overview of Major Countries
12 REPORT SUMMARY STATEMENT
List of Table
Table Air Transport MRO Product Type Overview
Table Air Transport MRO Product Type Market Share List
Table Air Transport MRO Product Type of Major Players
Table Brief Introduction of ST Aerospac (Singapore)
Table Brief Introduction of Lufthansa Technik (Germany)
Table Brief Introduction of Timco Aviation Services (US)
Table Brief Introduction of Delta TechOps (US)
Table Brief Introduction of Mubadala Aerospace (UAE)
Table Brief Introduction of Prattand Whitney (Canada)
Table Brief Introduction of Rockwell Collins (US)
Table Brief Introduction of GE Aviation (US)
Table Brief Introduction of HEICO (US)
Table Brief Introduction of IAI (Spain)
Table Brief Introduction of Iberia Maintenance(Israel)
Table Products & Services of ST Aerospac (Singapore)
Table Products & Services of Lufthansa Technik (Germany)
Table Products & Services of Timco Aviation Services (US)
Table Products & Services of Delta TechOps (US)
Table Products & Services of Mubadala Aerospace (UAE)
Table Products & Services of Prattand Whitney (Canada)
Table Products & Services of Rockwell Collins (US)
Table Products & Services of GE Aviation (US)
Table Products & Services of HEICO (US)
Table Products & Services of IAI (Spain)
Table Products & Services of Iberia Maintenance(Israel)
Table Market Distribution of Major Players
Table Global Major Players Sales Revenue (Million USD) 2017-2020e
Table Global Major Players Sales Revenue (Million USD) Share 2017-2020e
Table Global Air Transport MRO Market Forecast (Million USD) by Region 2021f-2026f
Table Global Air Transport MRO Market Forecast (Million USD) Share by Region 2021f-2026f
Table Global Air Transport MRO Market Forecast (Million USD) by Demand 2021f-2026f
Table Global Air Transport MRO Market Forecast (Million USD) Share by Demand 2021f-2026f
List of Figure
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Market Size under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Market by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Market by Product Type under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Market by Demand under the Impact of COVID-19, 2017-2021f (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Production by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Consumption by Region under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Figure Global Air Transport MRO Consumption by Type under the Impact of COVID-19, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Figure North America Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Asia-Pacific Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure South America Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Middle East and Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure U.S. Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Canada Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Mexico Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Germany Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure UK Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure France Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Italy Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Rest of Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure China Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure India Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Japan Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure South Korea Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Southeast Asia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Australia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Rest of Asia Pacific Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Brazil Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Argentina Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Rest of Latin America Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure GCC Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure North Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure South Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Heavy Maintenance Inspection Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Engine Service Check Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Component Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Line Maintenance Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Avionic Standardization Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Aircraft Conversions Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Civil Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Military Air Transport MRO Segmentation Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2021f and Year-over-year (YOY) Growth (%) 2018-2021f
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of ST Aerospac (Singapore) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Lufthansa Technik (Germany) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Timco Aviation Services (US) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Delta TechOps (US) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Mubadala Aerospace (UAE) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Prattand Whitney (Canada) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Rockwell Collins (US) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of GE Aviation (US) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of HEICO (US) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of IAI (Spain) 2017-2020e
Figure Air Transport MRO Sales Revenue (Million USD) of Iberia Maintenance(Israel) 2017-2020e
The Express Luggage Transport Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, manufactu...
The WiFi Solution for Public Transport Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, ...
The Private Emergency Medical Transport Solutions Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive ...
The Demand Responsive Transport Systems Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape,...
The Customized Passenger Transport Solution Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landsc...
The Customized Passenger Transport System Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscap...
The Safe Transport Solutions Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, manufactur...
The Customized Passenger Transport Platform Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landsc...
The Non Emergency Healthcare Transport Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive landscape, ...
The Urban Transport Planning And Design Services Market is set to witness immense growth during the forecast period 2024-2031. This intelligence report offers an in-depth analysis of the market size, share, growth, opportunity, competitive l...